The Mughal Period
The Mughal Period
The Mughal Period: The Mughals originated in Central Asia, and were descended from the Mongol ruler Jenghiz Khan and Timur (Tamburlaine), the great conqueror of Asia. They were immensely proud of their pedigree, and it was the memory of Timur's raids on India in the fourteenth century that spurred Babur on to invade.
The Mughal Period (1526-1707CE) is justifiably called the Golden Age of Muslim architecture in India. The Mughal style of building was distinctive compared to earlier Islamic styles. Most of the Mughals buildings were concentrated in North and north-west India-------in Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Allahabad.
The first of the Mughal rulers, Babur, introduced the concept of baghs or ornamental gardens into India, for example, the Ram bagh in Agra.
Sher shah suri built the Purana Qila, which became the sixty city of Delhi. Sher Shah’s tomb at Sasaram in Bihar is an elegantly proportioned building surrounded by water. Humanyun’s building were mainly built around Delhi, like the Jamati Masjid and the Mosque of Isa Khan. He introduced the Persian element in Indo-Islamic architecture when he returned to power after 15 years of Sher Shas’s rule. Humanyun’s Tomb was bult by his widow during the rule of his son Akbar. It is a fine blend of Hindu and Islamic architecture. It has a large central dome of white marble with four octagonal towers and kiosks of red sand stone. The front is made of red sand stone with white marble inlay work. There is a garden in front of the tomb. An interesting feature of this tomb is the slightly bulbous shape of the central dome. This shape was more common in Persia, and was introduced in India for the first time.
Akbar, during his long tenure (1556-1605 CE), added many buildings to the Mughal legacy. He built fortresses at Agra, Lahore and Allahabad. All were made of red sandstone with marble inlay work. The use of red sandstone became signature style of Akbar’s architecture. Akbar’s main achievement however was construction of Fatehpur Sikri, his new capital near Agra. The city of red sandstone very Persian. Jahangir (1605-1627CE) built Akbar’s mausoleum in Sikandra, near Agra. It is a huge structure raised on a podium. Jahangir loved gardens. He laid down gardens that looked like Persian carpets. The gardens at Udaipur, Srinagar and Fatehpur Sikri are among the well. Known ones. Aurangzeb (1658-1707CE), the last of the Great Mughals, was not a prolific builder. The Moto Masjid in Delhi and the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore are his main contributions to architecture. After Aurangzeb, the quality of Mughal architecture deteriorated.
There were several important architectural innovations during Akbar’s reign. Akbar’s architects turned to the tombs of his central Asian ancestor, Timur. The central towering dome and the tall gateway became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Humayunis tomb. The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge formal Chahar bagh and built in the tradition known as “eight paradises” or hasht bihisht-a central hall surrounded by eight rooms. The building was constructed with red sandstone, edged with white marble. It was during Shah Jahanis reign that the different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. The ceremonial halls of public and private audience were carefully planned. Placed within a large courtyard, these courts were also described as chihil sutun or forty-pillared halls. Shah Jahanis audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque. The pedestal on which his throne was placed was frequently described as the qibla, the direction faced by Muslims at prayer, since everybody faced that direction when court was in session.
The connection between royal justice and the imperial court was emphasized by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court in the Red Fort at Delhi. Behind the emperor’s throne were a series of Pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the lute? It was believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they coexisted together peaceably.
In the early years of his reign, Shah Jahan’s capital was at Agra, a city where the nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river Yamuna. These were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar bagh format. The Chahar bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the “river front garden”.
Shah Jahan adapted the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal, the grandest architectural accomplishment of his reign. Here the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shah Jahan develop this architecture from as a means to control the access that nobles had to the river in the new city of Shahjahanabad that he constructed in Delhi, the imperial place commanded the river-front. Only Shukoh- was given access to the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from the River Yamuna.
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